- About the Author
- Index of Works by Mary Ellen Lepionka
- Disclaimer
- Acknowledgements
- Bibliography for Indigenous History of Essex County, Massachusetts
Preface: History of Cape Ann and Beyond
How Do We Know Indigenous People Lived Here?
What do local Algonquian place names really mean?
- Place Making
- Geographic Descriptors in Algonquian Place Names
- Agawam
- Agamenticus
- Quascacunquen
- Wonasquam
- Wenesquawam
- Chebacco
- Winniahdin
- Naumkeag
- Wingaersheek
- Pennacook
- An Algonquian Pronunciation Guide
- Notes and References
Why did we know so little about Indigenous history here?
What people lived in Essex County, and when?
- Human Migration to the Western Hemisphere
- Changing Timelines
- Pre-Clovis People
- The Paleoindians
- The Archaics
- The Eastern Woodland People
- The Algonquians
- Notes and References
- The mastodon hunters
- Migration into New England
- The Bull Brook site
- Other evidence of Paleoindians in Essex County
- Changes in the land at the end of the Pleistocene
- Catastrophic climate change
- Notes and References
Who were the Maritime Archaics?
- “Red Paint People”
- Archaic Period Technologies
- Essex County as a Stone Age Paradise
- Late, Terminal, or Transitional Archaics?
- The Coffin Stream Assemblage and Shattuck Farm
- Notes and References
Who were the people of the Eastern Woodlands?
How did the Eastern Algonquians make their living in Essex County?
- Division of Labor
- Hunting
- Gathering
- Seafood Industries
- Horticulture
- Silviculture
- Agriculture
- Farming Methods
- Tisquantum’s Fertilizer
- Notes and References
Who were the Pawtucket and where did they come from?
- Who’s Who?
- Pawtucket Homelands
- The Iroquois
- Pennacook Sagamoreships
- Trading Networks
- Algonquian Confederacies of the Northeast
- Notes and References
Where were the Indigenous settlements in Essex County?
- Shell Heaps and Graves
- Settlement Patterns
- Environmental Factors in Indigenous Settlement Patterns
- The Role of Mobile Farming
- Geospatial Analysis
- The Role of Transportation and Trade
- Settlements on Cape Ann and Vicinity
- Some Other Village Sites in Essex County
- Notes and References
Where exactly are Agawam and Wenesquawam?
- The Coastal Villages
- Defensive Networks
- Ceremonial Gathering Places
- Kinship Networks
- Transportation Networks
- Notes and References
What did Champlain see in the “Cape of Islands”?
- Adventures at Whale Cove
- Le Beau Port
- Les Sauvages
- The “Ambush”
- Meddling Cluelessly in Native Politics
- Cartographer Extraordinaire
- Notes and References
Who Else Explored Here and What Did They Find?
- The Viking Question
- The Quest for Norumbega
- Explorers’ Perceptions of Indigenous Peoples
- What Happened to the Beothuk?
- Pring, Gosnold, and Weymouth
- Popham and Capt. John Smith
- Smith’s “Dry Salvages”
- Notes and References