PREFACE: History of Cape Ann and Beyond
How Do We Know Indigenous People Lived Here?
- We have physical evidence
- The Archaeology of Cape Ann
- We have documentary evidence
- We have cartographic and linguistic evidence
- Notes and References
What do our Algonquian place names really mean?
- Place Making
- Geographic Descriptors in Algonquian Place Names
- Agawam
- Agamenticus
- Quascacunquen
- Wonasquam
- Wenesquawam
- Chebecco
- Winniahdin
- Naumkeag
- Wingearsheek
- Pennacook
- An Algonquian Pronunciation Guide
- Notes and References
Why did we know so little about Indigenous history here?
- Little modern archaeology has been done here.
- Erasure narratives have misled us.
- The Disappeared
- Firsting and Lasting
- Skeletons in the Closet
- Taming the Wilderness
- Notes and References
Who were the first people to occupy Essex County?
- Human migration to the Western Hemisphere
- Changing time lines
- Pre-Clovis people
- The Paleoindians
- The Maritime Archaics
- The Eastern Woodland people
- The Algonquians
- The Pennacook-Pawtucket
- Notes and References
- Migration into New England
- The Bull Brook site
- Other evidence of Paleoindians in Essex County
- Changes in the land at the end of the Pleistocene
- Catastrophic climate change
- Notes and References
Who were the Maritime Archaics?
- The “Red Paint People”
- Archaic Period technologies
- Axes, atlatls, and dugouts
- Essex County as a Stone Age Paradise
- Late, Terminal, or Transitional Archaics?
- The Coffin Stream Assemblage and Shattuck Farm
- Notes and References
Who were the people of the Eastern Woodlands?
- Woodland Period technologies
- Woodland pottery in Essex County
- Uses of woods and fibers
- Wigwams and weaving
- Notes and References
How did the Algonquians make their living in Essex County?
- Division of labor
- Hunting
- Gathering
- Seafood industries
- Horticulture
- Silviculture
- Agriculture
- Farming methods
- Tisquantum’s fertilizer
Who were the Pawtucket and where did they come from?
- Who’s Who?
- Pawtucket Homelands
- The Iroquois
- Pennacook Sagamoreships
- Indigenous Trading Networks
- Algonquian Confederacies of the Northeast
- Notes and References
Where were the Pawtucket villages?
- “Only their shell heaps and their graves”
- Types of Settlement
- Environmental Factors in Native Settlement Patterns
- Other Locational Criteria for Village Siting
- The Role of Mobile Farming
- The Role of Canoe Routes and Trails
- New Predictive Models for Locating Settlements
- Notes and References
What did Champlain see in the “Cape of Islands”?
- Adventures at Whale Cove
- Le Beau Port
- Les Sauvages
- The “Ambush”
- Meddling Cluelessly in Native Politics
- Cartographer Extraordinaire
- Notes and References
Who Else Explored Here and What Did They Find?
- Who Else Came Here and What Did They Find?
- The Viking Question
- The Quest for Norumbega
- Explorers’ Perceptions of Indigenous Peoples
- What Happened to the Beothuk?
- Pring, Cosnold, and Weymouth
- Popham and Capt. John Smith
- Smith’s “Dry Salvages”
- Notes and References
How Were the Pawtucket Organized and Led?
- Kinship and Totemism
- Sachems and Shamans
- Sachem and Sagamore Names
- Masconomet and Nanepashemet
- Squaw Sachem and Passaconaway
- Notes and References
How Did the Pawtucket Make Sense of Their World?
- The Algonquian Cosmos
- Manitou
- Algonquian Thanksgiving
- Among the Stones
- Culture Heroes
- In the Beginning
- Life and Death
- Mounds and Chambers in Massachusetts
- Mourning Paint
- Notes and References
How Did the English Colonists Make Sense of the Pawtucket?